Enhancing Impedance Matching and Resonance Accuracy through Patch Size Tuning at 2.4 GHz

Abstract

This study investigated the enhancement of impedance matching and resonance accuracy of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz through systematic patch size tuning. The research was anchored on the transmission line model for initial antenna dimensioning, followed by parametric optimization using CST Microwave Studio Suite to refine patch width and length for improved performance. A simulation-based quantitative design approach was employed, using FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The antenna geometry was analyzed under controlled variations of patch dimensions while maintaining constant feed and substrate parameters to isolate performance effects. Results show that the optimized antenna achieved a return loss of –18.06 dB, VSWR of 1.28, bandwidth of 85 MHz, and realized gain of 2.688 dBi at 2.4 GHz. These outcomes indicate strong impedance matching, stable resonance behavior, and acceptable radiation efficiency for wireless communication applications. The study confirms that patch width and length variations significantly influence resonance accuracy and overall antenna performance, particularly in correcting frequency shifts commonly observed in non-optimized transmission line designs. The findings highlight that precise dimensional tuning of the patch is essential for achieving reliable antenna performance in FR-4-based designs intended for Wi-Fi and IoT applications. The study concludes that parametric optimization is an effective and low-cost approach for improving microstrip antenna performance without requiring complex structural modifications. In relation to sustainability, the study supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) by contributing to the development of optimized and cost-efficient wireless communication components. It also aligns with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through its relevance to IoT-enabled smart systems and connected environments. The sustainability impact is primarily technological and socio-economic, promoting efficient design practices that enhance wireless connectivity while reducing material and development costs.