Perceived Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on Learner-Beneficiaries in the Public Elementary Schools of Oas North District, Schools Division of Albay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65339/ijsair.V2.I2.619Keywords:
Academic Performance, Attendance, Body Mass Index, Learner-Beneficiaries, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, Parental Involvement, School Activity Engagement, School-Based Enhancement ProgramAbstract
This study examined the perceived impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on learner-beneficiaries in the public elementary schools of Oas North District, Schools Division of Albay. Anchored on Expectancy Motivation Theory, Social Contract Theory, Social Reconstructionism, and the Conditional Support-Motivation Theory of Learner Development, the study used the descriptive-evaluative method to assess Body Mass Index (BMI), academic performance, attendance, school activity engagement, and the issues and concerns experienced by learner-beneficiaries. Data were gathered from one hundred teacher-respondents and school records of five hundred fifteen Grade 4 to 6 4Ps learner-beneficiaries tracked from School Year 2023–2024 to 2025–2026, using a data extraction form, pre-validated questionnaire-checklist, documentary analysis, and interviews. Findings showed improvement in learners’ BMI, consistently high attendance, and increased school activity engagement. Academic performance showed progress among high-performing learners, although some beneficiaries remained in the lower passing range. Teachers assessed the overall perceived impact of 4Ps as Much Evident, particularly in attendance, academic performance, health and nutritional status, and school activity engagement. However, issues such as irregular attendance, limited parental guidance, insufficient learning resources, improper use of cash grants, behavioral and emotional concerns, and dependency on government assistance remained. The study concluded that 4Ps positively contributed to learners’ health, school participation, academic motivation, and personal development, but sustained school-based support remained necessary. The study supports SDG 1, SDG 3, SDG 4, SDG 10, and SDG 17 by addressing poverty reduction, learner health, educational participation, reduced inequality, and stakeholder collaboration. Its sustainability impact lies in strengthening educational, public health, socio-economic, institutional, and policy support systems for disadvantaged learner-beneficiaries.
References
Abocejo, F. T. (2022). The conditional cash transfer program for poverty alleviation in the Philippines: A policy evaluation [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Eastern Visayas State University.
Araujo, M. C., & Macours, K. (2021). Education, income and mobility: Experimental impacts of childhood exposure to progress after 20 years. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(44).
Asian Development Bank. (2019). Evaluating the impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on poverty reduction and human development: Insights from a new national survey. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/asian.development.bank/ijmra/v5-i1-01
Baconguis, T., & Acevedo, J. (2024). Schooling impacts of conditional cash transfers on young children. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 65(11).
Baez, C., & Camacho, N. (2021). Evaluating the impact of conditional cash transfers on learners’ health outcomes in the Philippines. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 39(7).
Balacuit, C. V., Jr. (2020). Contributing factors in basic education through 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) implementation [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Surigao del Sur State University-Main Campus.
Barbado, S. (2024). Impact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on health and education in Maangas Presentacion, Camarines Sur: A regression discontinuity design approach. International Student Research Review, 14(5).
Barrera-Osorio, G. (2020). The impact of the conditional cash transfer program on enrollment, dropout rates, grade promotion and health. Comparative Education Review, 48(11).
Bautista, M. L. S. (2020). Introduction to evaluative research methods. De La Salle University Press.
Breckin, E. (2023). A qualitative evaluation of a conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico: Recipients’ perspectives of long-term results [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Bradford.
Brendo, P. C. (2024). Implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the academic achievement among learner-beneficiaries. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 18(4).
Cabalda, D. D., et al. (2019). The role of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on educational outcomes of poor households in the Philippines. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 15(4).
Camilo, K., & Zuluaga, B. (2022). The effects of conditional cash transfers on schooling and child labor of non-beneficiary siblings. International Journal of Educational Development, 62(11).
Cansancio, L. N. (2024). Academic performance of the learners-beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in La Union Elementary School, Hagonoy, Davao Del Sur. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 21(7).
Capulong, M. E., & Cuevas, M. R. (2024). Conditional cash transfer compliance and student educational engagement: Evidence from selected Philippine public schools. Journal of Educational Research and Social Studies, 3(1).
Cervas, D., & Gonzalo, F. (2022). Learning effects of conditional cash transfers: The role of class size and composition. Journal of Development Economics, 36(9).
Chinyoka, K., & Naidu, N. (2021). Uncaging the caged: Exploring the impact of poverty on the academic performance of Form Three learners in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(3).
Chua, K. K. T. (2021). Statement on the 2021 first semester official poverty statistics - The National Economic and Development Authority. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 22(5).
Churchill, L., & Peter, D. (2017). Research methods: Determinants of educational outcomes. Appleton Crafts.
Colinares, B. P. (2024). Implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the academic achievement among learner-beneficiaries [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Cebu Technological University, Tuburan Campus.
Conchada, M. I. P., & Tiongco, M. (2020). Optimal allocation of school and health resources for effective delivery of the conditional cash transfer program in Bagac, Bataan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. De La Salle University.
Darem, F. (2025). The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on poverty alleviation during wartime in Yemen [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Sana'a University.
Davies, P., Francis, P., & Jupp, V. (2017). Doing criminological research. Sage Publishing House.
Dela Torre, A., & Santiago, S. (2021). Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and other conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs of low- and middle-income families. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 26(5).
Dela Torre, B. O. (2018). Financing education through the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 26(5).
DepEd Memorandum No. 110, s. 2009 for the “National Implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps).” Retrieved from http://www.deped.gov.ph
Diaz, L. (2023). Current approaches for engaging parents in students’ academic performance: Basis for parental engagement policy. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 22(5).
Dietrich, F., et al. (2020). Human capital returns to cash transfers in Uganda: Does it matter in the long run? Journal of Development Effectiveness, 12(3).
DSWD. (2020). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program implementation and status report, second quarter of 2020. Retrieved from https://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/2nd-Quarterly-Report-2020.pdf
Eluwa, T. F. (2025). Impact of unconditional cash transfers on household livelihood outcomes in Nigeria. Journal of Social Policy, 54(11).
Flores, M. J. S. (2019). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Its effect on the academic performance of student-beneficiaries in Calaba National High School in the Philippines. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 48(10).
Fox, N. (2016). How to design a questionnaire. Sage Publications.
Galarrita, M. J. C., & Nestal, C. C. (2024). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program support and its implication to school performance [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Phinma-Cagayan de Oro College.
Ganzan, I. M. S., & Labitad, G. F. (2025). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program and district school performance. International Journal on Science and Technology, 67(13).
Garancho, M. C. (2020). Conditional cash transfer (CCT) program: Students perception and challenges in their academic performance. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Management and Science, 36(7).
Garcines, J. (2019). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (conditional cash transfer program): A qualitative investigation. The ASTR Research Journal, 11(3).
Hadna, A. H., & Askar, M. W. (2022). The impact of conditional cash transfers on low-income individuals in Indonesia. Advances in Southeast Asian Studies, 15(4).
Hagan, J. (2016). Defining hospitality- readers respond with their insight. Available at: http://www.hotel-online.com/News/DefiningHospitality.html
Halique, J. R. H., & Campado, P. D. (2025). Perceived impact of conditional cash transfer programs on education, health, and nutrition in South Cotabato, Philippines. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 33(8).
Hayakawa, L., & Van de Brink, D. (2018). The role of nutrition in the development of normal cognition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(15).
Kaur, P., et al. (2019). Descriptive statistics: An introduction. Harpers and Row Publishers.
Kisiwa, M. D. (2023). Impact of conditional cash transfer on human capital investment in Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA).
Libay, C. J. B. (2025). Assessment on the effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program(4Ps) among students-beneficiaries: Basis for IEC campaign. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 55(12).
Lucas, A. D. (2022). The intergenerational relationship between conditional cash transfers and newborn health. BMC Public Health, 22(6).
Magalhaes, M. (2024). Health, economic and social impacts of the Brazilian cash transfer program on the lives of its beneficiaries: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 24(5).
Manguiat, T. S. (2021). Effect of the FDS seminars on familial relationship among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) beneficiaries. Retrieved from https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/3926
Marhamah, T. D. (2024). The correlation between conditional cash transfer and financial inclusion: A case study of the 2016 and 2022 National Socio-Economic Surveys [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universitas Indonesia.
Matsuda, A. (2024). A booster to conditional cash transfer programme: Experimental evidence on financial inclusion and livelihood enhancement project [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Kansai University.
Membrebe, Z., & Benito, J. L. (2023). Comparative analysis of conditional cash transfer and implementation and sustainability in the Philippines. The International Journal of Community Diversity, 24(7).
Mercado, A. (2020). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to pupil’s education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 31(7).
Mina, C., et al. (2019). Assessing the impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: The case of education, health and nutrition. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(2).
Mingoa, J. I., & Abocejo, F. T. (2021). Science performance and scholastic aptitude of grade 9 learners. European Journal of Education Studies, 18(6).
Mohamed, A. E. (2019). Influence of cash transfer on beneficiaries’ social relations in Kenya: The case of CT OVC in Bute Town, Wajir North SubCounty in Wajir. Journal of Development Studies, 48(9).
Molina Millán, C. (2020). Experimental long-term effects of early-childhood and school-age exposure to a conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Development Economics, 46(9).
Monica, M. M. (2020). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) assistance to pupil’s education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 12(4).
Montilla, M. M. (2020). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to pupil’s education [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology.
Mwaita, A. (2018). Cash transfer programme and poverty reduction. International Journal of Educational Development, 63(15).
National Nutritional Survey. (2018). Child health, nutrition and school participation. Retrieved from http://www.nationalnutritional survey.int/child.health
Nwobia, L. I. (2024). Effects of conditional and unconditional cash transfers on poverty reduction, education, and health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa—A PRISMA approach [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Technical University of Munich.
Olfindo, R., & Fernandez, L. (2019). Overview of the Philippines' conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Management Education, 31(8).
Olfindo, R., & Fernandez, L. (2021). Overview of the Philippines' Conditional Cash Transfer Program: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/hdnspu/62879.html
Olinto, F., & Skoufias, R. (2020). Combined effects of conditional cash transfer program and environmental health interventions on health and academic performance of the students. Economics of Education Review, 69(14).
Orbeta, P. J. L. (2021). Poverty, vulnerability and family size evidence from the Philippines. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(3).
Organ, J. D. (2023). Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program to the education, health and nutrition status of learner-beneficiaries in the Third Congressional District of Quezon. Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 38(10).
Piccione, L. (2018). Educational research. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
Republic Act 11310, Article 4. Retrieved from http://www.members.tripad.com
Repuya, F. (2019). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): The effectiveness on social welfare and development. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 7(2).
Reyes, C. M., et al. (2020). Promoting inclusive growths through 4P’s. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/pidsdps1309_rev.pdf
Romero, C. (2022). The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s): Implications to study skills and academic performance [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of the East.
Saldivar-Frausto, L. (2022). Effect of a conditional cash transference program on food insecurity in Mexican households. Public Health Nutrition, 25(4).
Salva, M. (2022). Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: An assessment [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Northwestern University.
Sampiano, C. B. (2022). Effectiveness of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Bases for enhancement [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Central Philippine University.
Sanchez, Chico, et al. (2020). Impacts on school entry of exposure since birth to a conditional cash transfer programme in El Salvador. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 12(3).
Save the Children. (2022). Malnourished school children and their academic performance. Retrieved from http://www.savethe children.malnutrition/academic performance/PDF
Shadare, G. A. (2020). Conditional cash transfers in Nigeria: An exploratory study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Sheffield.
Soth, C. (2024). Conditional cash transfers: Reducing present and future poverty. Development and Cultural Change, 57(13).
Stecher, E., & Rosse, T. (2021). The role of cash transfers in improving learners’ health: A review of the evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 10(2).
Stoeffler, Q. (2021). Poor households' productive investments of cash transfers: Quasi-experimental evidence from Niger. Policy Research Working Paper, 59(11).
Taguiam, R. (2024). The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: Its impact on school performance and quality of life. Studies in Technology and Education, 13(4).
The Philippine Constitution of 1987, Article XIV, Section 1. Retrieved from http://www.members.tripad.com
Tiongco, L. (2019). Analysis on the implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: A research review. Philippine Journal of Economics, 44(10).
Tsai, J. (2021). Receipt, spending, and clinical correlates of the economic impact payment among middle-and low-income US adults. Psychiatric Services, 72(32).
Udotim, A. (2025). Conditional cash transfer and poverty reduction among vulnerable households in Nigeria public service delivery [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Uyo.
Velarde, R., & Fernandez, L. (2021). Welfare and distributional impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org>wbk>hdnspu
Vibar, R. L. E., & Cabling, M. L. R. (2019). Perceptions of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program among parents and children beneficiaries in Laguna Province, Philippines. Social Sciences, 18(6).
Villamor, M. (2021). A study on attendance, academic performance and completion rate for the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program recipients. International Journal of Advances in Education, 75(13).
Wahid, H. (2025). Conditional; cash transfers to the poor: No alarm and no surprises [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National University of Malaysia.
Yoo, P. Y. (2022). Unconditional cash transfers and maternal substance use. BMC Public Health, 22(5).
Yoshikawa, H. (2023). Effects of unconditional cash transfers on family processes and wellbeing among mothers with low incomes. Journal of Educational Policy and Development, 10(2).
