Power, Politics, and Policing in Southeast Asia: An Integrative Review of Political Constraints in Law Enforcement Agencies

Abstract

This integrative review synthesizes scholarly literature to examine the political constraints shaping law enforcement agencies in Southeast Asia. Given the region’s diverse political systems and ongoing transformations, the study explores how power relations and political forces influence policing practices, institutional impartiality, and public trust. Using an integrative review methodology, academic databases were systematically searched, with data primarily drawn from the results and discussion sections of selected studies. The analysis identified recurring themes, contextual differences, and research gaps concerning the interaction between politics and policing. The findings reveal four interrelated political constraints. First, political interference and patronage frequently instrumentalize police forces for partisan objectives. Second, systemic corruption persists, reinforced by weak governance and limited accountability. Third, the politicization of policing intensifies during democratic transitions, compromising neutrality and professionalism. Fourth, emerging forms of digital repression and algorithmic policing are increasingly deployed to monitor information flows and suppress dissent. Together, these constraints form a deeply embedded structural web that undermines institutional integrity. This review aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), particularly targets 16.3 and 16.6, which emphasize the rule of law and accountable institutions. The findings demonstrate how political expediency weakens institutional independence, erodes public trust, and obstructs the development of transparent and rights-respecting law enforcement. By situating policing within broader political power structures, this study contributes to understanding state–society relations in Southeast Asia and highlights the need for future comparative research to support institutional reform consistent with SDG 16.